Mark Dale Bridges -- Early Trigg County Farmer and Salesman

 

Mark Dale Bridges

Mark Dale Bridges was born on November 7, 1871 in the Maple Grove community of Trigg County, Kentucky.   He was the fifth of ten children born to Cullen Thomas Bridges and Martha Ann Virginia Thomas Bridges.  HIs parents were both natives of Trigg County and Cullen was a veteran of the Civil War.  Mark’s siblings were Sallie Bridges, born in 1864 and died at the age of one; an unnamed infant, born and died in 1865; Ghent A. Bridges, born in 1867 and married Nettie Linden Cunningham; Ora Agnes Bridges, born in 1869 and married Robert Henry Thomas; John Trice Bridges, born in 1874 and married Maggie Dora Cunningham; Rosa Lee Bridges, born in 1876 and married Elmer E. “Ell” Cunningham; Cleveland Bridges, born in 1878 and died at the age of one; Molly May Bridges, born in 1880 and married Benjamin Flood Grigsby; and Jesse Clyde Bridges, born in 1887 and married Myrtress Grace “Myrt” Davis.

Dale married Mallie Mae Lancaster on November 8, 1891, Mallie or “Mal” as she was known was born on February 20, 1873 in the Maple Grove community and was the daughter of William Dorsey “Doss” Lancaster and Leonora Armitage Lone Whitaker Lancaster. Doss was a farmer and a native of Trigg County and Lone was a native of Missouri.

Although Dale was a farmer like many of his relatives, he was also involved in numerous other endeavors.  He was a salesman selling organs, pianos and iron fences.  He sold tombstones for the Beasley Monument Company of Paducah and numerous other items.  He participated in several enterprises of the Bridges Brothers, including going on sales trips for their nursery business.  He made these sales trips sometimes on a bicycle, and at times being gone for more than a week. Because of his many sales representations, Dale was well known and liked throughout the county and other sections of western Kentucky.

Between 1902 and 1908, Dale built the family home in the Maple Grove community which was known as “Woodlawn.”  He was assisted in the building of the home by his cousin, Bluford Bridges who was paid ten cents a day for his help.  The framework for the home came from the woods near the house’s location.  The foundation was laid out at night by the stars so it would be exactly east and west.  A few years later after the house was completed during the period of the night riders, Mal was sitting on the front porch when a group of night riders came by looking for Dale.  She sat on the front porch with a shotgun holding the riders back while Dale slipped out the rear door and hid in the nearby woods until they were gone.

As his father had fought in the Civil War, Dale was a member of the local chapter of the Sons of Confederate Veterans and he took pleasures in attending their many conventions of “the old Confederate Soldiers” including trips to New Orleans, Chattanooga, Galveston and Washington, D.C.  It was believed that he attended more Confederate Reunions than most of any person in Trigg County.

Dale and Mal were the parents of five children, Nellie Cleveland Bridges, born in1892 and married Mark McCarty; Flo Templeton Bridges, born in 1897 and married Ira Clifton Bridges; Preston Dale Bridges, born in 1899 and only lived for 18 months; Percy Dillard Bridges, born in 1902 and married Edna Pearl Thomas; and Douglas Eugene Bridges, born in 1909 and married Katherine Elizabeth Edwards and then married Dixie Louise Minton and later Letha Louise Plumlee.

Mark Dale Bridges died on July 27, 1927 at the age of 55 at his home in Maple Grove.  He was buried in the family cemetery, the Drury Bridges Cemetery, near his home.  Mal died eight months later of pneumonia on March 12, 1928 at the age of 55.  She was buried in the Drury Bridges Cemetery next to her husband.

Mallie Lancaster Bridges

 

Dale and Mallie with their children

 

Dale and Mallie

 

Dale and Mallie tombstone

LINEAGE: (Mark Dale Bridges was the son of Cullen Thomas and Martha Virginia Thomas Bridges. Cullen was the twelfth child of William and Mary Thomas Bridges.  William was the fourth child of Drury and Charity Cohoon Bridges.)

Mallie Louise Bridges Franks -- Cafeteria Cashier and Day Care Worker

 

Herman and Mallie Bridges Franks

Mallie Louise Bridges was born on July 13, 1922 on Beechy Fork Creek in the Maple Grove community of Trigg County, Kentucky. She was the only child of Percy Dillard Bridges and Edna Pearl Thomas Bridges.  Percy worked for the E. I. Dupont Company and both he and Edna were natives of Trigg County.  Mallie was a descendant of both Cullen Bridges and Starkie Thomas.

Mallie grew up in the Maple Grove community and attended the one-room Maple Grove School for several years.  Her family moved to Cadiz and she then attended the Cadiz Graded School.  She went to Trigg County High School where she graduated, with the class of 1942.

Mallie’s family moved from Trigg County to Louisville and on to Charlestown, Indiana and then to Childersburg, Alabama.  It was in in Childersburg where Mallie met her future husband.  Mallie married Herman Ray Franks on September 30, 1942 in Birmingham, Alabama.  Herman was born on April  27, 1922 in Dorsey, Mississippi.  He was the son of Elzie Maurice Franks and Armedia Greene Franks.  Elzie was a farmer and was a native of Itawamba County, Mississippi.  Armedia was also a native of Mississippi.

A few months after their marriage, Herman enlisted in the U.S Army on November 7, 1942 at Camp Shelby, Mississippi,  He was discharged the following year on April 6, 1943.  After leaving the military, Herman worked in construction work in several locations across the south for several years. Mallie and Herman settled in Memphis, Tennessee where they bought a home and Herman owned his own barber shop business.  Mallie worked as a cashier in a school cafeteria near their home for sixteen years.  She also worked several days each week in a church day care center.  In addition to their home in Memphis, Mallie and Herman had a home in Trigg County and enjoyed visiting their relatives back in her home county.

Mallie and Herman were the parents of two sons, Larry Keith Franks, born in 1944 and married Patricia Anne Taylor and later married Rebecca (last name unknown) and Danny Ray Franks, born in 1947 and married Sherry Anita Stwan.

Herman died on June 3, 1977 at the age of 55 in Atlanta, Georgia. He was buried in the Memphis Memorial Park Cemetery in Memphis, Tennessee. Mallie died on February 9, 2004 from a blood clot at the age of 81 at the Baptist Memorial Hospital in Memphis.  She was buried in the Memorial Park Cemetery in Memphis.

Mallie tombstone

 

Herman tombstone

LINEAGE: (Mallie Louise Bridges was the daughter of Percy Dillard and Edna Pearl Thomas Bridges. Percy was the fourth child of Mark Dale and Mallie Mae Lancaster Bridges.  Mark Dale was the fifth child of Cullen Thomas and Martha Ann Virginia Thomas Bridges.  Cullen was the twelfth child of Willam and Mary Thomas Bridges. William was the fourth child of Drury and Charity Cohoon Bridges. Edna Pearl was the fifth child of Starkie William and Julia Louise Sumner Thomas.  Starkie William was the fifth child of James Jasper and Mary Cunningham Thomas.  James Jasper was the fourth child of Starkie and Mary Bridges Thomas.  Starkie was the fourth child of James and Mary Standley Thomas.)

John Robert "Jack" Vinson, Jr. -- Farmer and Postal Worker

 

John Robert "Jack" Vinson

John Robert “Jack” Vinson, Jr. was born on May 20, 1912 in Trigg County, Kentucky.   He was the youngest of the two sons born to John Robert Vinson and Gertrude Wilson Vinson.  His father was a native of Lonoke County, Arkansas and was a banker and insurance salesman as well as Mayor of Cadiz, Kentucky. His mother was a native of Trigg County and was an active participant in civic and social affairs of her home city. Jack was a descendant of Cullen Thomas.  

Jack's brother was Henry Richard "Peck" Vinson, born in 1906 and married Geneva Robin Broadbent.  Jack also had one half-sister from his father’s first marriage to Willie Armstrong.  She was Nora Lucille Vinson, born in 1899 and married Joseph Jonathan Futrell.

Jack attended school in Cadiz in his earlier years and then went on to graduate from the Castle Heights Military Academy in Lebanon, Tennessee.  He attended Murray State College and the University of Kentucky.

On May 30, 1941, Jack married Doris Davis Peal in a ceremony at the First Methodist Church in Hopkinsville.  Doris was born August 11. 1919 in Trigg County.  She was the daughter of Hilson Perry Peal and Hattie Ella Gray Peal who were residents of Christian County at the time of the marriage. After their marriage, Jack and Doris lived on his farm north of Cadiz.  Jack also worked as a rural mail carrier for the Cadiz Post Office.

In October of 1942, Jack enlisted in the U.S. Army and enrolled in the Officers Candidate School at Camp Hood, Texas.  He graduated as a second lieutenant and was stationed at Camp Hood.  He was injured while on duty and spent six months in a military hospital.  As a result of his injuries, he was honorably discharged from the army in May of 1944.

Following his military service, Jack returned to Cadiz and returned to his job at the Cadiz Post Office where he worked for 35 years before retiring in 1972.  In addition to working with the postal service, Jack farmed and raised and showed Missouri trotting horses. , In 1959, Jack served as president of the Kentucky Association of Fairs and Horse Shows. He was also president of the Kentucky Fox Trotting Horseman's Association, and other neighboring horseman's associations.

He was also instrumental in the construction of the West Kentucky Livestock and Exposition Center located on the Murray State University Agricultural Farm. The facility is the only indoor horse show arena west of Louisville and became a tremendous asset to the people in Western Kentucky. It was completed after his death and he was one of four persons honored at the Center’s dedication in 1976.

Jack and Doris were the parents of three children, John Robert Vinson III, born in 1942 and married Margie Ellen Rogers; Anna Louise Vinson, born in 1944 and married Joe Howard West and later married Jeffery Ross Wamser; and Carolyn Sue Vinson, born in 1947 and married David Leonard Bradley III and later married John Theodore Holm.

Jack died on May 9, 1975 at the Pennyrile Fairgrounds in Hopkinsville of an apparent heart attack. He was 62 years old.  He was buried in the East End Cemetery in Cadiz.  Doris died on February 25, 2007 at the Christian Health Center in Hopkinsville at the age of 87.  She was buried in the East End Cemetery next to her husband.

 Doris Peal Vinson

 

The Vinson Family Tombstone

 

Jack's tombstone

 

Doris' tombstone

LINEAGE: (John Robert “Jack” Vinson, Jr. was the son of John Robert and Gertrude Wilson Vinson and grandson of Henry Cullen and Mary Catherine Sumner Vinson.  Henry was the first child of Thomas Allison and Emeline Thomas Vinson.  Emeline was the fifth child of Cullen and Elizabeth Futrell Thomas.  Cullen was the first child of James and Mary Standley Thomas.)

Dwight Eugene Sumner -- Real Estate Broker and Author

 

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Dwight Eugene Sumner

Dwight Eugene Sumner was born on May 26, 1931 in Alton, Illinois, the second of three children born to William Lloyd Sumner and Sarah Elizabeth Thomas Sumner.  William and Sarah were both natives of Trigg County, Kentucky and had moved to Alton, Illinois in 1927 where William worked for the Owens Glass Company and Sarah worked as a self-employed interior decorator.  Dwight was a descendant of Perry Thomas.

Dwight’s two siblings were Howell Lloyd Sumner born in 1927 and married Rita Marie Rielley and later married Beverly Jane Lynch Adams and Dorothy Jean Sumner, born in 1933 and married Donald Roy Koppenhaver.

Dwight or “Doggie” as he was known, grew up in Alton and graduated from Alton High School and then went on to graduate from Southern Illinois University in Edwardsville, Illinois.  Following his higher education, he served with the U.S. Air Force. As a youth he worked in the glass company along with his father but later began a career as a real estate broker.

Dwight also had an interest in writing and in county music.  He self-published a book that he wrote called Makin It To Nashville.  The book was written out of his curiosity of how some county music entertainers were successful while others were not.  He discovered that family beginnings, musical exposure and persistence all played a part in an entertainer’s success.  The main ingredient all entertainers possess was their talent.  He related 25 individual stories and followed them to their success or failure to succeed.  Unfortunately, the book is no longer available for purchase.

On April 9, 1966, Dwight married Reba Marie Householder Tuetken at the Ogden Memorial Methodist Church in Princeton, Kentucky with Dwight’s uncle, the Rev. B. C. Thomas officiating.  Dwight and Reba had one child, a son, Dwight David Sumner, born in 1969.  Reba and Dwight were subsequently divorced.

Dwight David Sumner, Dwight and Reba’s only child was tragically killed on October 6, 1990.  On the evening of October 5, Dwight David, age 21, was in the parking lot of a bicycle trail in Alton when he was involved with an altercation with several other juveniles on the trail. One of the juveniles pulled out a large lock blade pocket knife and when he slashed upward wildly, he cut open Sumner’s abdomen and the knife punctured his heart. He was taken to the St. Anthony’s Hospital in Alton where he died at 12:40 a.m. the next morning.  The 17-year-old youth who was wielding the knife was subsequently arrested and convicted of first-degree murder for the killing.  Dwight David was buried in the Valhalla Memorial Park in Godfred, Illinois.

Dwight Eugene Sumner died at the age of 79 on October 1, 2010 in a nursing home in Alton. He was cremated.

David Sumner, son of Dwight

 

 Cover of Dwight's book

LINEAGE: (Dwight Eugene Sumner was the son of William Lloyd and Sarah Elizabeth Thomas Sumner. And the grandson of John Quincy and Catherine M. Bruff Thomas.  John Quincy was the sixth child of Allison W. and Catherine Elizabeth Carloss Thomas.  Allison was the third child of Perry and Elizabeth Josephine Bridges Thomas.  Perry was the third child of James and Mary Standley Thomas.)

Martha Nell Thomas Bush -- Wife of a Civil Engineer

 

Martha Nell Thomas Bush

Martha Nell Thomas was born on January 14, 1932 in the Walnut Grove community of Christian County, Kentucky. She was the eighth and youngest daughter of Hugh Early Thomas and Georgia King Boyd Thomas.  Hugh was a farmer and both he and Edna were natives of Trigg County.  Martha was a descendant of Starkie Thomas.

Martha’s siblings were Edna Earl Thomas, born in 1911 and married Luther Bertram Hughes; Eliza Pearl Thomas, born in 1913 and married Thomas Aaron Dunn; Rosie Delle Thomas, born in 1915 and married Millard Otis Munger and later married Artie Ray Cunningham; Mary Elizabeth Thomas, born in 1917 and married William Forrest Mize; Louise Thomas, born in 1920 and married Douglas Hopson Thomas; Huel Early Thomas, born in 1923 and married John Thomas “Toppy” Edwards and Imogene Thomas, born in 1925 and married John Douglas Wetton.

Martha’s early years were spent in Christian County but her family moved to Cadiz and she graduated from Trigg County High School.  She continued her education by attending the Bethel Women’s College in Hopkinsville.

On February 19, 1952 Martha married Charles Owen Bush in Corinth, Mississippi.  Charles was born on May 24, 1932 in Trigg County. He was the son of Alonzo Carlton and Mary Charlotte Givens Bush.  Alonzo was a prominent farmer and a native of Trigg County. Charlotte was also a native of Kentucky.  Charles graduated from Trigg County High School and attended Murray State University.  He joined the U.S. Navy during the Korean War and served a two-year tour of duty in Japan and was discharged in 1955.  After his discharge, he returned to college and graduated from the University of Kentucky in January 1960 with a Bachelor of Science degree in Civil Engineering.

Charles and Martha lived in several places during their early years of marriage as  Charles worked in highway construction and the coal industry.  He was the founder/co-owner of the Bush Contracting Company, the T. C. H. Coal Company and the Bush and Burchett Concrete Construction Company which built bridges in eastern Kentucky.  Martha worked at the J. W. Cowherd and Company, the E. R. Street Company and the University of Kentucky Agricultural Economics Department. The family settled in Frankfort, Kentucky where Charles also operated a large farm in the area.

Charles and Martha were the parents of three children, Charles Owen Bush, Jr., born in 1956 and married Sandra Lane Shroat; Karen Lynn Bush, born in 1961 and married David Allen Wilhelm and later married Frank Mace; and Kimberly Kay Bush, born in 1966 and married John Todd Suter.

Charles died on February 6, 2020 at the age of 87 at his home in Frankfort.  He was buried in the East End Cemetery in Cadiz.  Martha died five months later on July 15, 2020 at the age of 88 at her home in Frankfort.  She was buried in the East End Cemetery next to her husband.

Charles Owen Bush

 

Martha and Charles

LINEAGE:  (Martha Nell Thomas was the daughter of Hugh Early and Georgia King Boyd Thomas.  Hugh was the sixth child of Robert Allison and Emma Nora Cunningham Thomas.  Robert was the fifth child of Stanley and Emily Ann Light Thomas.  Stanley was the second child Starkie and Mary Bridges Thomas.  Starkie was the fourth child of James and Mary Standley Thomas.)

Ollie James and Roberta Williams Cunningham -- Barber and Homemaker

 

Ollie and Roberta Williams Cunningham

Olive “Ollie” James Cunningham was born on December 23, 1900 in the Canton area of Trigg County, Kentucky.  He was the second of seven children of Elmer Ellsworth “Ell” Cunningham and Rosa Lee Bridges Cunningham. Ell was a farmer and both he and Rosa Lee were natives of Trigg County.  Ollie was a descendant of Cullen Bridges and Cullen Thomas.

Ollie’s siblings were Myrtle Mabel Cunningham, born in 1898 and married Burnett Finley; George Clyde Cunningham, born in 1904 and married Robbie Bell Bridges; Carmon Aubrey Cunningham, born in 1907 and married Ora Noel and then married Belva Ricks Dixon; Maurine Ell Cunningham, born in 1909 and married Grover Douglas Creamer; Earl Wayne Cunningham, born in 1912 and married Lois Velma Page; and Iva Mavis Cunningham, born in 1915 and married Robert “Jack” Rowen, Jr.

Ollie married Lily Roberta Williams who was born on November 26, 1908 in the Canton area.  Her family had moved from Calloway County to the Canton on the day that Roberta was born.  She was the fourth of eight children born to Thomas Green Williams and Johnnie Vara Thomas Williams.  Thomas was a farmer and was a native of Stewart County, Tennessee.  Johnnie Vara was a native of Trigg County.  Roberta was a descendant of Starkie Thomas.

Roberta’s siblings were Sidney Alma Williams, born in 1901 and married Pink Harrell Guier; Annie Lucille Williams, born in 1903 and married Robert Elliott Malone; Gillis Thomas Williams, born in 1905 and married Kittie Hendricks; Loys Lamont Williams, born in 1910 and married Mary Leta Boyd; Geneva Evelyn Williams, born in 1913 and married Earl Wane Simmons; John Cullen Williams, born in 1915 and married Audrey G. Forrest and then married Vera May Cox Gibbs; and Forest Hilda Williams, born in 1918 and married Gilbert N. Bridges.

After Ollie and Roberta were married, they settled into their first home near Canton.  In 1929 they moved to Cadiz and lived there until 1935 at which time they built a home on the Old Dover Road about one mile from Cadiz.  This was the home they lived in until their deaths.  In 1929, when Ollie was 29 years old, he began his career as a barber.  He worked at the Cadiz Barber Shop in  downtown Cadiz.  He became a partner in the business in 1945 until 1965,  He then went into semi-retirement until 1971 when he built and operated the Cunningham Barber Shop located in the west end of Cadiz.  He worked there part-time up until about one year before his death, having worked over 50 years as a barber. Roberta was a homemaker. Both Ollie and Roberta were among the organizing members of the Thomas-Bridges Association.

Ollie and Roberta were the parents of five children, James Arvin “Jimmie” Cunningham, born in 1926 and married Betty Jo Bridges; Thomas Elwood Cunningham, born in 1927 and married Frances Lucille Wesley; William Herbert Cunningham, born in 1930 and married Shirley Ann Strickland; Patsy Louise Cunningham, born in 1935 and married Joe Morris Woosley; and Robert Glenn Cunningham, born in 1937 and married Linda Faye Pepper.

Ollie died on November 15, 1981 at the age of 80 at the Trigg County Hospital in Cadiz.  He was initially buried in the Green Hill Memorial Gardens in Christian County but was later moved to the East End Cemetery in Cadiz.  Roberta died eight days later on November 23, 1981 at the age of 72 at her home.  She was buried in the East End Cemetery.

Ollie and Roberta tombstone

 

LINEAGE:  (Olive James Cunningham was the son of Elmer Ellsworth “Ell” and Rosa Lee Bridges Cunningham.  Rosa was the seventh child of Cullen T. and Martha Ann Virginia Thomas Bridges.  Cullen was the twelfth child of William and Mary Thomas Bridges.  William was the fourth child of Drury and Charity Cohoon Bridges.  Martha Ann was the third child of Peyton and Sarah Ethridge Thomas.  Peyton was the third child of Cullen and Elizabeth Futrell Thomas. Cullen was the first child of James and Mary Standley Thomas.)

(Lily Roberta Williams was the daughter of Thomas Green and Johnnie Vara Thomas Williams.  Johnnie was the third child of William Henry and Sidney Dyer Thomas.  William Henry was the third child of Stanley and Emily Ann Light Thomas. Stanley was the second child of Starkie and Mary Bridges Thomas.  Starkie was the fourth child of James and Mary Standley Thomas.

Charles Thomas -- Auto Body Repair Shop Owner

 

Charles Thomas was born on August 7, 1937 in Detroit, Michigan. He was one of a set of triplets born to Hubert Jackson “Tige” Thomas and Vada Helena Wallace Thomas.  Hubert operated an automobile body shop and was a native of Trigg County.  Vada was a native of Dover, Tennessee. Charles was a descendant of Starkie Thomas.

Charles’ siblings were Carolyn Sue Thomas, born in 1934 and died at the age of 1 day; Billie Joe Thomas, born in 1935 and married Carolyn Raquel Williams; fellow triplets, Andrew Thomas, born in 1937 and married Frances Carol Bridges; Bruce Thomas, born in 1937 and married Joyce Ann P’Pool; and Dennis Glyn Thomas, born in 1944 and married Linda Dale Hancock.

Charles  spent his first nine years growing up in Detroit, but moved to Trigg County, Kentucky in 1946, He enrolled in Trigg County High School where he was on the football team.  He graduated with the class of 1956. 

Charles  along with his brothers Andrew and Bruce enlisted in the U.S Army together on February 18, 1959. They received their basic training at Fort Knox, Kentucky and then were assigned to a unit at Fairbanks, Alaska.  They were exceptionally recognized as the only set of triplets to be serving together in the army at that time.  The triplets were discharged in February of 1961.  

On May 23, 1958 Charles married Martha Ann Myers.  Martha was born on August 16, 1939 in Webster County, Kentucky and was the daughter of Carvill H. Myers and Viola Mae McGraw Myers.  Carvill worked for the water department in Dixon, Kentucky and both he and Viola were natives of Webster County, Kentucky.

Martha died unexpectedly at the age of 23 on September 7, 1962 at the Trigg County Hospital in Cadiz.  She was buried in the Green Hill Memorial Gardens in Hopkinsville, Kentucky.

Charles married his second wife, Clara Ellen McKinney on April 23, 1965 in Elizabethtown, Kentucky.  Ellen was born on September 19, 1942 in Bumpus Mills, Tennessee.  She was the daughter of Jack Wilton McKinney and Edna Clare Scott McKinney. Jack was a farmer and a native of Trigg County.  Edna was a native of Bumpus Mills, Tennessee.

After finishing school, Charles worked for his father in the Thomas Body Shop in Cadiz.  In 1966, Charles began working for the Chicago Bridge and Iron Company. building water towers. This job required him to work in seven different states. He left this job and returned to Trigg County and built an auto body repair shop next to his dad’s body shop which he owned and operated for the rest of his life.  Ellen worked as a secretary with the Cadiz Drywall Contractors from 1977 until her death.

Charles and Ellen were the parents of two children, Mitzi Lane Thomas, born in 1966 and married Michael Lynn Jones and later married Ronnie Lee Smith and Nick Charles Thomas, born in 1967 and married Dana Dunn Darnell.

Charles died on May 13, 1996 at the age of 58 at his home in Cadiz.  He was buried in the Lucian Thomas Family Cemetery in Trigg County.  Ellen died on September 22, 2020 at the age of 78 at the Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee.  She was buried in the Lucian Thomas Family Cemetery next to her husband.

The Thomas Triplets

 

Ellen Thomas

 

Charles and Ellen tombstone

LINEAGE: (Charles Thomas was the son of Hubert Jackson and Vada Helena Wallace Thomas. Hubert was the second child of Lucian M. and Inez B. Crews Thomas.  Lucian was the fourth child of Jonathan Starkie and Julia Dyer Thomas.  Jonathan was the third child of William Bridges and Nancy Jane Rogers Thomas.  William was the first child of Starkie and Mary Bridges Thomas.  Starkie was the fourth child of James and Mary Standley Thomas.)